1. Define case-control

Case: participants with prenatal exposure to GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus), currently in overweight/ obese (n=280).

Control: participants without prenatal exposure to GDM, currently in healthy status (n=6149).

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GDM stands for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. It is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant. The condition occurs when a womans body can’t produce enough insulin to meet the increased needs of pregnancy, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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2. Define covariates

covariates: sex, age, race/ethnicity, pubertal stage, parental education, household income, site, estimated total intra cranial volume.

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3. Develop z-score

  1. Build the regression model using control data only.
  2. For each ROI, calculate the difference between its actual value and the value predicted by the model.
  3. Convert these differences to z-scores, using the mean and standard deviation from the control group.

Next Steps

Average thickness (n = 280)

Average volume (n = 280)